Subnetting and Its Types
Subnetting and Its Types Subnetting is a process in which a single network is divided into multiple sub-networks. The sub-networks are also called subnets. Example The following figure shows the sub-networks of a large single network into 4 smaller sub-networks Subnet ID Each sub-network has its unique network ID known as its Subnet ID. The […]
Classless IP Addressing
Classless IP Addressing Classless IP addressing makes the allocation of IP addresses more flexible, which is also known as classless interdomain routing (CIDR). In Classless IP addressing, the CIDR block contains the required number of IP Addresses as demanded by the user. CIRD BLOCK Contains a required number of IP Addresses as demanded by the […]
Classful IP Addressing
Classful IP Addressing In classful IP addressing, there are five classes, which are given below In each class, two host IPs are reserved First host-IP in the network which is zero (i.e. for class A (1.0.0.0) represents to that network and cannot be assign to any host in the network. The last IP in the […]
Casting And Its Types
Casting And Its Types Casting is a method of transferring a packet to various hosts simultaneously by using an IP address. Types of Casting There are three types of casting 1. Unicast Transmitting a packet from one source node to one destination node is called as unicast. We can say, it is a one to one […]
Network Layer
Network Layer The network layer is the 5th Layer from the sender and the 3rd layer from the receiving side in the OSI model. At the Sender Side, the Network layer receives segments from the transport layer, converts these segments into packets/datagrams, and transmits these packets/datagrams to the data link layer. At the Receiver Side, […]
Channelization Protocols (Multiplexing)
Channelization Protocols (Multiplexing) In channelization Protocols, the available bandwidth of the medium is shared in time, shared in frequency, or shared in code for multiple stations to access the shared medium at a time. Important: Channelization protocols are achieved through Multiplexing. Let’s explain channelization protocols through multiplexing. Time-division Multiplexing (TDM) channelizes the channel through different […]
Controlled Access Protocols
Controlled Access Protocols In controlled access protocols, there is no chance of collision because stations get information from one another to find which station has the right to send. Control access protocols allow only one node to send at a time. In this way, the collision of messages on shared media can be avoided. The […]
CSMA With Collision Avoidance
CSMA With Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) CSMA/CA is used in wireless (Wi-Fi) networks. CSMA/CA is similar to CSMA/CD, but the difference is that the CSMA/CA detects collision instead of detection. So, CSMA/CA is just used for collision avoidance. Working with CSMA/CA In CSMA CA, whenever a station sends a frame to a channel First, it checks […]
CSMA With Collision Detection
CSMA With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) In CSMA/CD, if any station wants to transmit data, then it must follow the following steps. Step 1: Continuously sense if the transmission medium is idle. By sending some dummy data on a shared medium, the status of the medium (idle or busy) can be found. If there is no […]
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) The basic principle of CSMA, “Sense the medium before transmit” or “Listen before talk.” Through this Principle, the chance of collision is reduced, and performance becomes high. Important: Sensing the medium does not mean sensing the entire medium. It simply means to sense the medium at just the transmission point. […]
ALOHA In Random Access Protocols
ALOHA In Random Access Protocols Aloha was designed for WLAN but is also applicable for shared media. In Aloha, multiple stations can transmit data at the same time, which leads to collision and loss of data. Before starting the topic, you must know about the following points Transmission Time: Time to put the entire message […]
Medium Access Protocols
Medium Access Protocols The Data Link Layer is responsible for the transmission of data between two nodes. So, the Data Link Layer uses some protocols to access the medium. As we know, the Data Link layer has two sub-layers 1. Logical Link Control (LLC): The main responsibility of Logical Link Control is flow control. Keep […]
Hamming Code For Error Correction
Hamming Code For Error Correction When a sender sends data to the receiver, then errors may occur. Error correction codes are used to detect and correct these errors. There are two methods to handle the error Correction. 1. Backward error correction: After error detection, retransmission of the entire data unit is called backward error correction. […]
Error Detection at Data Link Layer
Error Detection at the Data Link Layer When data is transmitted from one device to another device, then the data may change during transmission. If the sending data is not identical to the receiving data, then it is the error state. For reliable communication, errors must be detected and then corrected. Note: Error Deduction and […]
Flow Control in Data Link Layer
Flow Control in Data Link Layer Flow control in the data link layer is important because different nodes in the network have different capacities and transfer speeds; for the purpose of successful communication between these nodes, reliable flow control of data is very important. Let’s see how to manage the flow control through the data […]
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer Data link layer is the layer No 6 from sender and layer No 2 of receiving side in the OSI model. This layer is a little bit complex and complicated as compared to other layers. It provides host to host delivery. At Sender Side, Data link layer receives packets/datagram from network layer […]
Computer Network Topologies
Computer Network Topologies Computer Network Topologies tells how components of a network are interconnected to each other. Types of Network Topologies There are various types of Network Topologies, explained below 1. Bus Topology All devices in Bus topology share a single communication line or cable, which is known as known as a backbone cable. When […]
Types of Data Transmission
Types of Data Transmission In digital devices, there are two methods to transmit data Serial transmission: It sends one data bit at a time over a single channel. Parallel transmission: It can send multiple data bits at a time over multiple channels. In serial data transfer, there are two basic types of data transmissions Synchronous […]
Data Transmission Modes
Data Transmission Modes The way in which data is transmitted from one location to another is called data transmission mode. There are three types of data transmission modes. 1. Simplex mode In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional. Unidirectional means the flow of data is in one direction. A device can only send the data […]
Unguided Transmission Media
Unguided Transmission Media Guided transmission media is also called unbounded or wireless media, where the devices communicate with each other through space or air by using broadcast radio signals, microwave signals, infrared signals, etc. The following diagram illustrates the different types of guided transmission media. 1. Radio Waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that are […]