Types of Keys in DBMS
Types of Keys in DBMS A Key is an attribute in the table. it is mostly use to uniquely identify the tuple in the table. Key is also use to establish the relation between the tables. Types Of Keys There are various key’s in database which are explained under, 1. Primary key The Primary key […]
Entity in ER Model
Entity in ER Model The entity is any physical object, which may be a human, place, thing, or any event, i.e., student, chair, Lahore, etc. Each entity contains some attributes, i.e., student entity attributes are roll no, Student_name, etc. Keep in mind, Entity Set is a set of the same type of entities The structure […]
Three Tier Architecture in DBMS
Three Tier Architecture in DBMS In Database Management Systems (DBMS), a three-tier architecture is a client-server model that divides an application into three distinct layers: the Presentation Layer, the Application Layer, and the Database Layer. Unlike a two-tier architecture, where the client communicates directly with the database, in a Three-Tier Architecture, the client interacts with […]
Modem And Its Types
Modem And Its Types A modem is a device that modulates or demodulates the signals. The modem receives a digital signal from a networking device (i.e., PC, laptop), converts it into an analog signal, and transmits it to an ISP and vice versa. Speed is dependent on the type and cost of the modem being […]
Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (for example, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service […]
TCP VS UDP
TCP VS UDP Transport Layer uses the TCP or UDP protocols to provide its various services. When the data comes from the upper layers (i.e., the Application layer) to the transport layer, then the Transport layer adds the TCP or UDP header along with the data. This header adds the functionality. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) […]
Transport Layer
Transport Layer The transport layer is the 4th layer in the OSI model and is responsible for end-to-end (port-to-port). communication over a network. Services of Transport Layer Transport Layer uses the TCP or UDP protocols to provide its various services. When the data comes to the Transport layer, the TCP or UDP header is added […]
Switched Networks
Switched Networks Switched networks consist of interconnected nodes. The data is transferred from source to destination through these nodes. As the data is switched from node to node, that’s why it’s called a switched network. Types of switched networks 1. Circuit switching It establishes the dedicated path between two nodes. The entire circuit must be […]
Distance Vector Routing Algorithm
Distance Vector Routing Algorithm Distance vector routing Algorithm is a dynamic Routing Algorithm. Calculations of the Distance Vector Routing Algorithm may done in the following steps Step-01: As we know, every router maintains its routing table. So, each router knows about All the routers exist in the network Distance to its neighboring routers Step-02: Each […]
Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols As we know, Routing is the process of forwarding the information/data packets from the source to the destination, but the best route to send the packets is determined by the routing algorithm. Types of Routing Protocols There are 3 types of routing protocols explained in the following diagram In this section, we will […]
Public Vs. Private IP Addresses
Public Vs. Private IP Addresses Public and private IP addresses are two basic parts of your device’s identity. In simple words, the public IP address is your identity over the Internet, and the Private IP is your identity in a local network without the Internet. Note: If your device is assigned a private IP address, […]
Router And Its Functionalities
Router And Its Functionalities The router is the network layer device that provides the best optimal path in its functionality. It is used to connect multiple LANs over the internet through IP addressing. So, it is an internetworking device. Some popular companies (i.e., Cisco, HP, 3Com, Juniper, D-Link, Nortel) are developing routers. Keep in mind […]
Characteristics of IoT
Characteristics of IoT | Top 16 Pillars of IoT One of the many characteristics of the IoT (Internet of Things) is its ability to connect, identify, and scale, as well as its self-adapting and intelligent features. According to the definition of the Internet of Things (IoT), there are a lot of IoT devices that are […]
Types of IoT Connections
Types of IoT Connections An IoT system has a three-level architecture device. The data moves between these levels. So, it needs to provide the connection on these levels. Three-level devices are Level 1: Publisher Devices Level 2: Gateways or Broker Devices Level 3: Data system or Cloud Devices Let’s explain the Types of IoT Connections […]
Internet of Things (IoT) Protocols
Internet of Things (IoT) Protocols IoT is the name for various things that are interconnected with each other. The communication between these things happens through different protocols or standards, called IoT Protocols and standards. There are a lot of protocols and standards, But we will discuss the most popular standards. 1. MQTT Protocol MQTT stands for […]
Features of IoT
Features of IoT The most important features of IoT on which IoT works are connectivity, sensing, active engagement, scale, integration, intelligence, energy, safety, and many more. Look at the following diagram Let’s explain these terms 1. Connectivity In IoT, smart devices can communicate after connectivity. Connectivity is required between all the things of IoT and […]
Internet Of Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT) Before the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet-connected millions of people worldwide. With the development of IoT, the internet has connected various devices such as smartwatches, home appliances, airplanes, and many things more. This connection of things to each other is called IoT. With the success of IoT, the Things are rapidly increasing. […]
Linear Bounded Automata (LBA)
Linear Bounded Automata (LBA) As given below, Linear Bounded Automata (LBA) is a Turing Machine (TM) with a limited-size Input Tape. LBA = TM + Input Size Tape Input size Tape: the input size is fixed according to the input. It means if the size of the input is 8 bits, then the size of […]
Even Palindrome Turing Machine
Even Palindrome Turing Machine A palindrome is a sequence of symbols that reads the same backward as forward (i.e., aba). If a palindrome contains an even length, it is also called an even palindrome (i.e., abaaba). Let’s see the Turing Machine for even palindromes, Let us construct a Turing machine for even palindromes language (L= […]
Turing Machine For a^Nb^Nc^N
Turing Machine For a^Nb^Nc^N Design a Turing Machine that recognizes the language L = a^Nb^Nc^N where N>0. Given language (L = aNbNcN) will generate an equal number of a’s, b’s, and c’s. So, consider an input tap that holds L=aabbcc as given below, R/W Head Movement For Language a^Nb^Nc^N (aNbNcN) Following is the R/W head […]