Program Control Instructions
Program Control Instructions Program control instructions are used to change or modify the flow of a program. There are some instructions here to control the flow of the program. Types of Program Control Instructions Program control instructions have five major types, which are explained below 1. BRANCH/JUMP The branch word is used in direct addressing mode, […]
Data Manipulation Instructions
Data Manipulation Instructions Data Manipulation instructions perform operations on data to change (manipulate) it and some computational capabilities. Types of Data Manipulation Instructions Data manipulation instructions have three basic types. Arithmetic Instructions Logical and bit manipulation instruction Shift instruction I. Arithmetic Instructions Name Mnemonic Explain Addition ADD This instruction adds the two numbers Addition with […]
Data Transfer Instructions
Data Transfer Instructions Data transfer instructions basically include the instructions that are used to transfer data from one place to another (i.e., within the system or system to an I/O device). These instructions are also known as copy instructions. Data Transfer Methods The data movement cases are given below Memory to Register Register to Memory […]
Computer Instructions
Computer Instructions Computer instructions are a set of machine language instructions that a particular processor understands and executes. A computer performs tasks according to the instructions provided. Fields of Computer instructions There are three basic fields of each instruction in a computer. Let’s look at the following diagram of the 16-bit instruction I. The Operand […]
Types of Computer Buses
Types Of Computer Buses Different components of computers are connected through communication channels, known as computer buses, to transfer data between each other. Busses contain a set of wires where each wire can carry one bit. So, 8 wires can carry 8 bits at a time, and 64 wires can carry 64 bits in the […]
What is a Computer?
What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic machine that accepts raw data as input and processes it with CPU to produce the result as output. It is a Latin word and it drives from “computare” which means to calculate. In 1837 Charles Babbage invented Analytical Engine. It is considered as the first system. That’s […]
Computer Basics
Introduction To Computer Basics Before to learn computer basic, first see at definition of computer machine, The computer is an electronic machine that takes data as input process it, and converts it into useful information. Our Computer fundamentals lectures provide all topics of Computer fundamentals such as computer and its history, Input devices Output devices […]
Common Bus System using Multiplexer
Common Bus System using Multiplexer (4-bit, 8-bit) The concept of working a common bus system using a multiplexer in 4 bits, 8 bits, or 16 bits is almost the same. This article will teach us about 4-bit and 8-bit register architecture, but most registers are 16-bit in computer architecture. Generally, computers use many registers for […]
Common Bus System
Common Bus System This lecture will explain the common bus system with single-address instructions because the mechanism of a common bus system is best for single-address instructions rather than two or three-address instructions. Purpose Of Common Bus System A Common Bus system provides a path for transferring data between registers and memory or between registers. Common […]
Harvard Vs Von Neumann Architecture
Harvard Vs Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture was used earlier, and Von Neumann Architecture is currently used now a days. Let’s see Harvard Vs Von Neumann Architecture. Harvard Architecture Harvard Architecture was introduced in 1939. According to this architecture, Instructions and data are in two different memories. Data will be in one memory, and instruction will be in […]
Computer Organization and Architecture
Computer Organization and Architecture Before learning the concepts of Computer Organization and Architecture, you must have a basic knowledge of Computer units and their Architecture, etc. The computer organization and architecture syllabus is based on computer hardware and Software. Elements of Computer Organization and Architecture There are three significant elements of computer organization and architecture. […]
File Allocation Methods
File Allocation Methods File allocation methods are used to place the files on the hard disk and access them from the disk as required. As we know, the hard disk is divided into several physical sectors. That’s why the file is also divided into several logical blocks. The file’s block size is always equal to […]
File System in OS
File System in OS The file system is part of the OS. It maintains the files on a hard disk. A file is a collection of sequence records stored on a Hard disk. The sequence of records means the sequence of bits, bytes, functions, and lines or records. When OS creates different files, it generates […]
Disk Scheduling Algorithms
Disk Scheduling Algorithms OS uses List of Disk Scheduling Algorithms, i.e. (FCFS, SSTF, SCAN) for fast access time and High throughput. Before explaining disk scheduling, we must know the following, As we know, every process requires two types of time for its execution. i. CPU time: Execution of process on CPU ii. I/O time: Time […]
Hard Disk Structure In OS
Hard Disk Structure In OS A hard disk is a secondary storage that stores a large amount of data. The hard disk drive contains dozens of disks. These disks are also known as platters. These platters are mounted over the spindle, which rotates in any direction, i.e., clockwise or anti-clockwise. Let’s look at the hard […]
Page Replacement Algorithms
Page Replacement Algorithms The page replacement algorithms decide which page will be replaced in the main memory. The process of replacing the pages is known as swapping. Page replacement algorithms are used when the referred page is not in the main memory. If a page fault occurs, then page replacement algorithms are used. Virtual memory […]
Thrashing
Thrashing The state when the system spends a lot of time in a page fault, but the actual execution of the process is negligible is called thrashing. In the initial stage, when we increase the degree of multi-programming then, CPU utilization is very high up to lambda (). Lemda is the stage at which the […]
Page Fault
Page Fault If the CPU requests a particular page and that page is not found in the main memory, then it will be a page fault situation. Then, the OS loads that page from the hard disk to the main memory. When loading that particular page from Secondary memory to the main memory, the CPU […]
Demand Paging
Demand Paging As we see in the concept of virtual memory, when executing any process, OS does not load the entire process into the main memory. It means that only some pages of a process will be loaded into the main memory at any time. Here, the demand paging is very important. It is difficult […]
Page Table Entries
Page Table Entries Page table contains many entries, and each page table entry contains a frame number and optional status like present/Absent bit, Protection, Reference, Caching, and Dirty bit. Following is very simple but descriptive diagram of page table entries let explain the each component of page table entries 1. Frame Number: It gives the […]